Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde revela alto percentual de sinais e sintomas de hanseníase no Brasil / National Health Survey reveals high percentage of signs and symptoms of leprosy in Brazil

Resumo A hanseníase é uma doença dermato-neurológica, infecciosa, sistêmica ou localizada, debilitante, causada por Mycobacterium leprae. No Brasil, a magnitude e o alto poder incapacitante mantêm a doença como um problema de saúde pública. Mancha na pele e dormência são sinais e sintomas patognomônicos na hanseníase. A Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 (PNS-2019), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), considerou a seguinte pergunta como proxy para estimar sua magnitude no país. "O(a) sr(a). tem mancha com dormência ou parte da pele com dormência?". No Brasil, 1.921.289 adultos referiram ter mancha ou parte da pele com dormência, sem diferenças regionais. Com relação ao grupo etário, quanto mais velho, maior a prevalência. Por exemplo, entre os de 18 a 29 anos (235.445) e de 30 a 39 anos (236.485), 0,7% possuía a condição, entre 40 e 59 anos (827.887), 1,5%, e entre os idosos, 1,8% (621.472). Poder estimar, em pesquisas de base populacional, com representatividade estatística, uma morbidade referida tal como a hanseníase é fundamental para apoiar a formulação de políticas públicas, notadamente as relativas às ações da atenção primária à saúde. Dessa forma, o IBGE cumpre seu papel constitucional de retratar a realidade da população brasileira e hoje é o principal avaliador externo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e das políticas públicas instituídas no âmbito federal.

Abstract Leprosy is a debilitating, infectious, systemic or localized dermato-neurological disease caused by Mycobacterium lepra. In Brazil, the magnitude and high disabling power keep the disease as a public health problem. Skin spotting and numbness are pathognomonic signs and symptoms in leprosy. The Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) 2019 National Health Survey (PNS-2019) considered the following question as a proxy to estimate its magnitude in the country. "Do you have a spot with numbness or part of the skin with numbness?". In Brazil, 1,921,289 adults reported having a patch or part of the skin with numbness, with no regional differences. As for the age group, the older, the higher the prevalence, for example, between 18 to 29 years old (235,445) and 30 to 39 years old (236,485), 0.7% had the condition, between 40 to 59 years old (827,887), 1.5% and among the elderly, 1.8% (621,472). Being able to estimate, in population-based surveys, with statistical representativeness, a reported morbidity such as leprosy is essential to support the formulation of public policies, notably those related to primary health care actions. In this way, the IBGE fulfills its constitutional role of portraying the reality of the Brazilian population and today it is the main external evaluator of the Unified Health System (SUS) and of public policies developed by the federal level.

Inquéritos domiciliares nacionais de base populacional em saúde: uma revisão narrativa / Nationwide population-based household surveys in health: a narrative review

Resumo Os inquéritos domiciliares representam uma das principais metodologias empregadas em estudos de base populacional. O objetivo desta revisão narrativa da literatura é reunir e descrever os principais inquéritos domiciliares em saúde de relevância nacional e internacional. No Brasil, destaca-se o papel histórico desempenhado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) na condução das pesquisas mais importantes na produção de dados sociais. A Pesquisa de Assistência Médico-Sanitária (AMS) e a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), com a publicação episódica de Suplementos Saúde, consistem das principais fontes de informação em saúde no país. Em 2013, o IBGE, em convênio com o Ministério da Saúde, lançou a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), o maior inquérito domiciliar em saúde já realizado no Brasil. A PNS-2019 recebeu uma grande ampliação, tanto temática, quanto ao tamanho de sua amostra, e, pela primeira vez, aplicou o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool para avaliação dos serviços de Atenção Primária em Saúde em todas as unidades da federação do Brasil.

Abstract Household surveys are one of the primary methodologies used in population-based studies. This narrative review of the literature aims to gather and describe the leading national and international household surveys of relevance. In Brazil, the historical role played by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in conducting the most relevant research in the production of social data stands out. The Medical-Health Care Survey (AMS) and the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), with the serial publication of Health Supplements, are the country's primary sources of health information. In 2013, in partnership with the Ministry of Health, IBGE launched the National Health Survey (PNS), the most significant household health survey ever conducted in Brazil. The PNS-2019 received a major thematic and sampling expansion and, for the first time, applied the Primary Care Assessment Tool to assess PHC services in all 27 Brazilian states.

Assessment of initial SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the most affected districts in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT Background: São Paulo city has been one of the regions most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Frequent asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic infections and poor access to diagnostic tests make serosurveys crucial to monitor the magnitude of the epidemic and to inform public health policies, such as vaccination plans. Objectives: To estimate, early in the epidemic, the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in adults living in the six most affected districts in São Paulo city, and to assess potential associated risk factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based survey of 1,152 households randomly selected from 72 census tracts. During the period May 4-12, 2020, 463 participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and history of symptoms in the past two weeks, and provided a blood sample. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was the outcome of interest and was estimated based on results of two immunoassays, Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin (Ig) M (IgM) and IgG, and Roche electrochemiluminescence assay total Ig. Serum samples reactive to either assay were considered positive. Results: Weighted overall seroprevalence was 6% (95%CI 3.9-8.3%). No association was observed between seropositivity and sex, age group or education level. Participants who reported black and brown skin color showed a 2.7 fold higher prevalence than people with white skin (p = 0.007). Among the 30 seropositive individuals, 14 (46.6%) reported no COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the past two weeks. Conclusion: This study represents the first assessment of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the city of São Paulo and 6% is the baseline estimate of a series of population-based seroprevalence surveys. Serological screening using sound serological assays is the key tool to monitoring temporal and geographic changes in the spread of the virus through an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Ultimately, it may inform prevention and control efforts.

PNAD COVID-19: um novo e poderoso instrumento para Vigilância em Saúde no Brasil / PNAD COVID-19: A powerful new tool for Public Health Surveillance in Brazil

Resumo O Ministério da Saúde declarou em 03 de fevereiro de 2020 estado de emergência em saúde pública de importância nacional em decorrência da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2. Com isso, o IBGE adiou a realização do Censo Demográfico de 2020 e passou a formular uma PNAD COVID-19. O inquérito contou com uma amostra total de 349 mil pessoas em cerca de 200 mil domicílios. Do total da população-residente brasileira, o IBGE estimou em maio/2020 que 24,0 milhões (11,4%) tiveram pelo menos um dos sintomas de síndrome gripal (SG). Desse contingente, 20,2 milhões (84,3% do total dos sintomáticos) não procuraram unidade de saúde. As inovações trazidas para a vigilância em saúde e o pioneirismo do IBGE demonstram ser possível, em um país continental e que vem experimentando diversas epidemias locais em momentos diferentes em seu território, que outros países também desenvolvam inquéritos domiciliares semelhantes, com coleta de dados semanal (referida às semanas epidemiológicas) por telefone de forma inovadora e tempestiva. A PNAD COVID-19 trouxe ainda uma nova tecnologia para o Instituto, resgatando o papel de avaliador externo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Abstract On February 3, 2020, the Brazilian Ministry of Health declared a state of emergency in public health of national relevance due to the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. As a result, IBGE postponed the 2020 Demographic Census and started to formulate a COVID-19 PNAD. The survey included a total sample of 349 thousand people in about 200 thousand households. Of the total Brazilian resident population, the IBGE estimated in May/2020 that 24.0 million (11.4%) had at least one of the flu-like syndrome symptoms. Of this contingent, 20.2 million (84.3% of all symptomatic patients) did not seek health care. The innovations brought to health surveillance and the IBGE's pioneering spirit show that it is possible, in a continental country that has been experiencing several local epidemics at different times in its territory, that other countries also develop similar household surveys, with weekly data collection (referred to epidemiological weeks) by telephone in an innovative and timely manner. The COVID-19 PNAD also brought new technology to the Institute, reviving its role as an external evaluator of the Unified Health System (SUS).

The basic characteristics and medical status of pneumoconiosis patients under different investigation methods / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To analyze the characteristics of pneumoconiosis patients and the basic status of medical treatment.@*Methods@#Research objects were chosen by stratified sampling method and typical survey method from existing pneumoconiosis patients in China. The survey was carried out from March 2017 to January 2018 in nine provinces including provinces from east, medium and western region in China. Source of pneumoconiosis cases were inpatient cases, outpatient or physical-examined cases and household-investigation cases. The survey mainly included demographic and sociological characteristics, economic status, occupational history and dust exposure history, disease status, work-related injury insurance and social security status and related indicators of pneumoconiosis treatment.@*Results@#Investigated 1037 pneumoconiosis cases which included 186 (19.9%) household-investigation cases, 212 (20.4%) outpatient or physical-examined cases and 639 (61.7%) inpatient cases. Demographic and sociological characteristics, individual monthly income, economic source, occupational history and work-related injury insurance were statistically significant among different source of pneumoconiosis patients (P<0.05) . Among all of the household-investigation cases, there were 74 cases (40.2%) had no income, 117 cases (62.9%) used to work in private enterprises, 36 cases (19.4%) had work-related injuries insurance, 95 cases (51.1%) were at three phase of pneumoconiosis, 108 cases (59.0%) haven't had any drugs for pneumoconiosis. 65 cases (39.4%) haven't went to the clinic, 53 cases (28.5%) hadn't seek medical advice although they needed medical treatment very much. Among all of the outpatient or physical-examined cases, there were 95 cases (46.1%) had no income, 36 cases (17.0%) had work-related injuries Insurance, 139 cases (65.6%) went to the clinic for treatment of pneumoconiosis, 81 cases (38.2%) went to the clinic for more than ten times. Among all the inpatient cases, 310 cases' (49.3%) personal monthly income was above 2000 yuan, 352 cases (55.1%) had work-related injuries Insurance, 588 cases (92.2%) were taking drugs for treatment of pneumoconiosis, 153 canses (24.2%) had hospitalization for than ten times.@*Conclusion@#Household-investigation cases have lower economic conditions, lower rates of Insurance coverage for work-related injuries, severer pneumoconiosis and higher clinical service utilization. Clinical or physical-examined cases have lower economic conditions, lower rates of Insurance coverage for work-related injuries and higher clinical service utilization. Hospitalized cases have better economic conditions, higher rates of insurance coverage for work-related injuries and higher hospitalization service utilization.

Factors associated with seeking treatment for postpartum morbidities in rural India / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: To understand the prevalence of postpartum morbidities and factors associated with treatment-seeking behaviour among currently married women aged 15-49 residing in rural India. METHODS: We used data from the nationally representative District Level Household Survey from 2007-2008. Cross-tabulation was used to understand the differentials for the prevalence of postpartum morbidities and treatment-seeking behaviours across selected background characteristics. Two-level binary logistic regression was applied to understand the factors associated with treatment-seeking behaviour. RESULTS: Approximately 39.8% of rural women suffered from at least one of the six postpartum morbidities including high fever, lower abdominal pain, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, excessive bleeding, convulsions, and severe headache. Morbidities were more prevalent among poor, illiterate, Muslim, and high-parity women. About 55.1% of these rural women sought treatment/consultation for their problems. The odds of seeking treatment/consultation increased as economic status and years of schooling among both the woman and her husband increased. Poor, uneducated, unemployed, Hindu, and tribal women were less likely to seek treatment/consultation for postpartum morbidities than their counterparts were. The odds of seeking treatment/consultation decreased as the distance to the nearest private health facility increased. Most women visited a private hospital (46.3%) or a friend/family member's home (20.8%) for treatment/consultation. Only a small percentage visited publicly funded health institutions such as a primary health centre (8.8%), community health centre (6.5%), health sub-centre (2.8%), or district hospital (13.1%). Rural women from the northeast region of India were 50% less likely to seek treatment/consultation than women from the central region were. CONCLUSIONS: Providing antenatal and delivery care, and ensuring nearby government healthcare facilities are available to serve rural women might increase the likelihood of care-seeking for postpartum morbidities. Targeted interventions for vulnerable groups should be considered in future policies to increase the likelihood women will seek treatment or advice postpartum.

Percepções sobre aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da hanseníase: utilização de inquérito domiciliar em uma área endêmica de Minas Gerais / Perceptions of clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease: use of household survey in an endemic area in Minas Gerais

Hanseníase, também conhecida como lepra, é tida como um dos males mais antigos da história da humanidade, sendo relatados casos desde os tempos bíblicos. As percepções históricas e socialmente construídas acerca da doença fizeram com que os portadores de hanseníase fossem afastados da sociedade. As percepções existentes na população sobre a doença, muitas vezes intensificam alguns conceitos errôneos, favorecendo assim, a apropriação distorcida de algumas informações sobre transmissão, diagnóstico e tratamento, levando à estigmatização. Para alcançar uma maior redução da carga da doença, faz-se necessário envolver a população e investir em programas de educação para a saúde, uma vez que um dos eixos fundamentais do controle está no diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as percepções da população da Microrregião de Almenara sobre a hanseníase e suas relações com aspectos epidemiológicos e variáveis sóciodemográficas. O delineamento foi transversal, um inquérito domiciliar do tipo survey. Foram selecionados 8 municípios com diferentes taxas de detecção no período de 1998 a 2009. Os participantes foram indivíduos com mais de 18 anos de idade, residentes nas zonas urbanas. Foi realizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada, na qual se aplicou um questionário abordando questões norteadoras relacionadas as características sócio-demográfica, epidemiológica dentre outras. Para processamento e análise dos dados utilizou-se dos softwares MS Excel, EpiInfo, SPSS e Statistical Software for Professionals (STATA). O estudo foi aprovado pelo COEP/UFMG por meio do parecer nº ETIC 158/09. Foram entrevistados 2361 indivíduos e destes, 23,7% apresentavam menos de um ano de estudo, 36,6% da população vivia com até um salário mínimo; Sobre a hanseníase e seus sinais, apesar de grande parte da população já ter ouvido falar da doença, os mesmos não sabiam sobre seus aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos. O sinal mais referido foi a “mancha”...

Hanseniase disease also known as leprosy, is considered as one of the oldest evils in human history, cases being reported since biblical ages. The historical and socially perceptions constructed known about the disease lead the leprosy patients to be removed from society. The existing perceptions about the disease in the population, often intensify some misconceptions, thus favoring the increase of some distorted information about transmission, diagnosis and treatment, leading to stigmatization. To achieve a greater reduction of the disease, it is necessary to involve the population and create good programs of health education because the main points of the disease control are ther early diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study was to analyze the perceptions of the people in the microregion of Almenara about leprosy and their relations with epidemiological and socio-demographic variables. The cross-sectional study was taken, a household survey type. In the period 1998-2006 eight municipalities with different rates were selected. The participants were individuals over 18 years old, living in urban areas. A semi-structured interview in which a questionnaire was applied guiding addressing issues related to demographic, epidemiological, among other characteristics. For processing and analysis of data we used the software MS Excel, EpiInfo, SPSS and Statistical Software for Professionals (STATA). The study was approved by Research ethics committee of the federal university of General Mines (COEP- UFMG) through document number ETIC 158/09. An total of 2361 individuals were interviewed and of these, 23.7% had less than one year of study, 36.6% lived with up to a minimum salary. About leprosy and its signs although a great deal of the population has already heard about this disease, the population was unaware of the clinical and epidemiological aspects. The most reported sign was a "stain" regardless endemicity of municipalities. stain with altered...

Inquérito domiciliar sobre uso da Fisioterapia por mulheres em Guarapuava-Paraná-Brasil / Household survey into physiotherapy use by women in Guarapuava-Paraná-Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência do uso da fisioterapia por mulheres e analisar as variáveis associadas à sua utilização. Foi realizado estudo transversal de base populacional incluindo 885 mulheres com idade mínima de 18 anos residentes na zona urbana de Guarapuava, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Considerou-se nível de confiança de 95 por cento e margem de erro de 3 por cento para cálculo amostral. A amostra foi selecionada aleatoriamente, e as entrevistas foram realizadas entre outubro e dezembro de 2006. Utilizou-se os softwares Statistica 7.1 e SAS 9.1 para análise dos dados, calculou-se prevalência, qui quadrado, análise multivariada (análise de correspondência) e realizou-se regressão logística. A prevalência do uso da fisioterapia por mulheres foi de 27,3 por cento, onde 48 por cento utilizaram o serviço público, 45 por cento assistência privada, e apenas 7 por cento assistência particular. Variáveis como idade, profissão, classificação econômica e tipo de assistência à saúde estiveram associadas à realização de fisioterapia (p<0,0001). Conclui-se que, dentre as mulheres que procuraram o serviço de fisioterapia, a maioria o fez por problemas ortopédicos. Pesquisas envolvendo a fisioterapia precisam ser realizadas para auxiliar no crescimento desta modalidade terapêutica.

The scope of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the use of physiotherapy by women and analyze the variables associated with its utilization. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out with 885 women aged over 18 living in the urban area of Guarapuava, Parana state, Brazil. A confidence level of 95 percent and an error margin of 3 percent were used for sample calculations. The sample was randomly selected and the interviews were carried out between October and December 2006. Statistica 7.1 and SAS 9.1 software was used to analyze the data, and the prevalence, chi-square and multivariate analysis were calculated and logistic regression was performed. The prevalence of the use of physiotherapy by women was 27.3 percent, where 48 percent used the public service, 45 percent used health insurance services and only 7 percent used private services. Variables including age, profession, financial conditions and type of assistance were associated with the use of physiotherapy (p<0,0001). It was concluded that the majority of women used physiotherapy for orthopedic problems. Surveys involving physiotherapy need to be conducted to encourage the use of this form of therapy.

Prevalência de idosos restritos ao domicílio em região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brasil) / Prevalence of housebound elderly people in the urban region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

Este artigo tem por objetivo estimar a prevalência e o perfil sociodemográfico e de saúde dos idosos restritos ao domicílio adscritos a uma unidade de saúde da família da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais). Realizou-se inquérito domiciliar no período de maio a julho de 2006 com 275 idosos selecionados através de amostragem por conglomerados. Utilizou-se a suíte svy do aplicativo Stata 9.0 para lidar adequadamente com a estrutura amostral de conglomeração e permitir a incorporação das frações de expansão nas análises. Dos 275 idosos entrevistados, 22,4 por cento (IC95 por cento: 14,7; 32,4) eram restritos ao domicílio. A prevalência dessa condição foi maior entre as mulheres, entre os indivíduos com 80 anos ou mais e entre aqueles com suspeita de déficit cognitivo (p-valor < 0,05). A maior parte dos indivíduos restritos tinha renda inferior a um salário mínimo, relatava história de queda, era caso suspeito de depressão e referia motivos físicos para a restrição. O grande contingente de idosos restritos ao domicílio, de baixa renda e com diferentes problemas de saúde, reforça a necessidade de incorporação de propostas de promoção e vigilância em saúde do idoso que ultrapassem as fronteiras das unidades de saúde.

The aim of this article is to estimate the prevalence and the socio-demographic and health profile of housebound elderly people registered at a Family Health Unit in the urban region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil). A household survey was conducted between May and July 2006 with 275 elderly people selected via cluster sampling. The svy suite of commands in Stata 9.0 was used to deal adequately with the cluster sample structure and to allow the incorporation of fractions of expansion in the analyses. Among the 275 elderly, 22.4 percent (IC95 percent: 14.7; 32.4) were restricted to their homes. The prevalence of this condition was greater among women, people over 80 and suspected of suffering from cognitive impairment (p-valor < 0.05). The majority of housebound people had incomes below the minimum wage, reported history of falls, depression and indicated physical disorders as the cause of the restriction. The large contingent of low-income housebound elderly with several health problems, reinforces the need for incorporation of proposals for promotion and vigilance of the health of the elderly, which extend beyond the boundaries of the healthcare units.

Comparison between two household surveys on psychotropic drug use in Brazil: 2001 and 2004 / O uso de drogas no Brasil: comparação de dois levantamentos domiciliares: 2001 e 2004

CEBRID (Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs) conducted two household surveys on drug use in Brazil, the first in 2001 and the second in 2005, making it possible for researchers, for the first time ever, to have a timeline comparison using this type of methodology. The universe studied corresponded to the Brazilian population living in 107 Brazilian cities with more than 200.00 inhabitants. 8,589 people were interviewed in the first survey in 2001, and 7,939 people in the second. Data on prevalence of lifetime use for psychotropic drugs showed that there was a significant increase only in the number of people who had made lifetime use of psychotropic substances (including tobacco and alcohol). In 2001, 19.4 percent of the interviewees reported having used some type of drug, and the ranking of lifetime drug use in 2004 was 22.8 percent, a statistically significant increase. There was also a statistically significant increase in lifetime use of alcohol and tobacco in comparison between the two surveys.

O CEBRID realizou duas pesquisas domiciliares sobre drogas no Brasil, uma em 2001 e uma em 2004, permitindo, pela primeira vez, uma comparação usando a mesma metodologia. O universo estudado correspondeu à população brasileira que vive nas 107 cidades brasileiras com mais de 200.00 habitantes. 8,589 pessoas foram entrevistadas na primeira pesquisa realizada em 2001 e 7,939 pessoas, na segunda. Os dados sobre a prevalência mostraram que houve um aumento significativo do uso na vida de drogas psicotrópicas (inclusive para o tabaco e o álcool). Em 2001, 19,4 por cento dos entrevistados relataram ter usado algum tipo de droga e, em 2004, foi 22,8 por cento de uso na vida de drogas, um aumento estatisticamente significativo. Verificou-se também um aumento estatisticamente significativo no uso na vida de álcool e tabaco na comparação entre os dois levantamentos.

Transferência de renda e segurança alimentar no Brasil: análise dos dados nacionais / Cash transference and food insecurity in Brazil: analysis of national data

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2004, a hipótese de que a participação em programas governamentais de Transferência de Renda está associada à situação de segurança alimentar no domicílio. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios com entrevistas em 112.716 domicílios. Incluíram-se neste trabalho os domicílios particulares permanentes e improvisados, em que as informações sobre segurança alimentar foram fornecidas por um morador, limitando-se ainda àqueles com rendimento domiciliar per capita de até um salário-mínimo, representando isto 51,2 por cento dos domicílios da amostra. Foram elaborados três modelos de estimativas de transferência de renda com resultados semelhantes; escolheu-se o Modelo 3 por resultar em menor probabilidade de superestimar efeitos. Para estimar o efeito da transferência de renda na prevalência de segurança alimentar, foram incluídos apenas os domicílios que recebiam transferência de renda correspondendo a 14,2 por cento do total de domicílios entrevistados. A associação entre segurança alimentar e transferência de renda, controlando por outras variáveis independentes, foi estimada mediante modelos de regressão logística, método stepwise, para cada uma das três faixas de rendimento domiciliar per capita. RESULTADOS: Os programas de transferência de renda considerados neste estudo apresentaram um valor médio de benefícios de R$81,68 por domicílio. A regressão logística múltipla mostrou aumento em torno de 8,0 por cento na chance de segurança alimentar, para cada 10 reais de acréscimo nos valores das transferências. As condições de: residência em área rural, pessoa de referência do sexo masculino e de raça/cor branca também apresentaram associação positiva com segurança alimentar. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados confirmam a hipótese do estudo, indicando associação positiva da transferência de renda sobre a segurança...

OBJECTIVE: The 2004 National Household Survey Data was analyzed to test the hypothesis that cash transference from government social programs is associated with household food security. METHODS: Secondary data were used from the National Household Sample Survey which interviewed residents of 112,716 households. The present analysis included permanent and temporary private households, where food security items were informed by a resident of the household, restricting the collection of data to households with per capita monthly income of up to 1 minimum wage, representing 51.2 percent of the sample. Three models for estimating the amount of cash transference were developed; model 3 was chosen because it was less likely to overestimate effects. To analyze how cash transference affected the prevalence of food security, only households that received cash transference were included in the analysis, representing 14.2 percent of the interviewed households. The association between food security and cash transference, controlled for other independent variables, was estimated using a logistic regression model with stepwise method for each of the three income strata. RESULTS: The mean per capita cash transference was of R$81.68 per family. Multiple logistic regression showed an increased chance of food security of 8 percent per each R$10.00 contributed by social programs. Rural residence, male head of household, and Caucasian head of household were factors that also presented a higher chance of food security. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis was confirmed, showing a positive association between cash transfer and household food security, regardless of the effects of other explanatory factors.

Use of alcohol among the inhabitants of the 107 largest cities in Brazil - 2001

Alcohol is part of the history of humanity, seemingly as a result of countless factors including the easy production of alcoholic beverages in practically all regions of the world. The authors studied aspects of the use of and the dependence on alcohol in Brazil, through a household survey conducted by Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas (CEBRID). A total of 8,589 interviews were held in 107 of the largest cities in Brazil, all of them with more than 200 thousand inhabitants. The study was planned to gather information within the household environment about a stratified probabilistic sample obtained in three selection phases: 1) the censitaire sectors for each municipality, 2) a systematic randomized sampling, and 3) drafting a respondent by lot in each household to provide information. Approximately 11.2 percent of the subjects were concerned with their own consumption of alcohol. The signs/symptoms of the syndrome of dependence evident in a greater percentage were the desire to stop or reduce the use of alcohol and to stop or reduce resorting to alcoholic beverages more often than desired, as reported by 14.5 and 9.4 percent of the respondents, respectively. The regions in Brazil with the highest percentage of dependents were the North (16.3 percent) and the Northeast (19.9 percent). According to the estimates obtained in the survey, 5.2 percent of the teenagers were concerned about the use of alcohol. The estimates obtained in this survey reveal a need to implant specific preventive programs for the problem of alcohol, especially for the very young.

A household survey on morbidity and treatment of acute respiratory infections in communities in Vietnam

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To ascertain the extent of under-utilization and insufficiency or inappropriateness in provision of health services as one of the possible causes of high mortality from pediatric pneumonia in pilot areas in Vietnam.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The household survey on morbidity and treatment of acute respiratory infections, simple cough, and cold and pneumonia, was conducted in two communities with 10% sampling of the child population.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both under-treatment of "fast breathing", a proxy for pneumonia, and over-treatment of simple cough and cold with antimicrobials by health workers, mothers, and private practitioners were common.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A household survey on morbidity and treatment was found to be useful to clarify actual practices in the treatment of acute respiratory infections in the community, which cannot be obtained by mere interview with health workers or mothers. Since a change of knowledge did not automatically lead to change of practice, the training of health workers, health education of mothers and provision of antimicrobials at village health stations would not guarantee improved practice of health workers and mothers. Therefore, constant supervision for health workers, continued health education of mothers and involvement of private practitioners are needed to improve the situation.</p>

A Household Survey on Morbidity and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infections in Communities in Vietnam

Objective: To ascertain the extent of under-utilization and insufficiency or inappropriateness in provision of health services as one of the possible causes of high mortality from pediatric pneumonia in pilot areas in Vietnam. Method: The household survey on morbidity and treatment of acute respiratory infections, simple cough, and cold and pneumonia, was conducted in two communities with 10% sampling of the child population. Results: Both under-treatment of “fast breathing”, a proxy for pneumonia, and over-treatment of simple cough and cold with antimicrobials by health workers, mothers, and private practitioners were common. Conclusions: A household survey on morbidity and treatment was found to be useful to clarify actual practices in the treatment of acute respiratory infections in the community, which cannot be obtained by mere interview with health workers or mothers. Since a change of knowledge did not automatically lead to change of practice, the training of health workers, health education of mothers and provision of antimicrobials at village health stations would not guarantee improved practice of health workers and mothers. Therefore, constant supervision for health workers, continued health education of mothers and involvement of private practitioners are needed to improve the situation.